• Fertility medication which stimulates the ovaries to "ripen" and release eggs (e.g. clomifene citrate, which stimulates ovulation)
• Surgery to restore patency of obstructed fallopian tubes (tuboplasty)
• Donor insemination which involves the woman being artificially inseminated with donor sperm.
• In vitro fertilization (IVF) in which eggs are removed from the woman, fertilized and then placed in the woman's uterus, bypassing the fallopian tubes. Differences of IVF include:
- Use of donor eggs and/or sperm in IVF. It happens when a couple's eggs and/or sperm are unusable, or to avoid passing on a genetic disease.
- Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in which a single sperm is injected directly into an egg; the fertilized egg is then placed in the woman's uterus as in IVF.
- Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) in which eggs are removed from the woman, fertilized and then placed in the woman's fallopian tubes rather than the uterus.
- Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) in which eggs are removed from the woman, and placed in one of the fallopian tubes, along with the man's sperm. It allows fertilization to take place inside the woman's body.
• Other assisted reproductive technology (ART):
- Assisted hatching
- Fertility preservation
- Freezing (cryopreservation) of sperm, eggs, & reproductive tissue
- Frozen embryo transfer (FET)
• Alternative and complimentary treatments
- Acupuncture Recent controlled trials published in Fertility and Sterility has shown acupuncture to increase the success rate of IVF by as much as 60%. Acupuncture was also proven to be effective in the treatment of female an ovular infertility, World Health Organization, Acupuncture: Review and Analysis of Reports on Controlled Trials (2002).
- Diet and supplements
- Healthy lifestyle
Clomiphene citrate (CC)
CC is a drug that induces ovulation and is used as a frontline fertility treatment for both anovulatory and ovulatory women. It can be harmful to the cervical mucus, however, and should be combined with intrauterine insemination (IUI) so as to maximize the chances for conception.
The usual initial dose is 50 mg per day from days 3-5 through days 7-9 of the woman's menstrual cycle. All patients should use an LH kit and time their intercourse to make best use of the chances of conception. This kit augurs when ovulation will occur based on the level of LH in the woman's urine.
● If ovulation occurs as a result of CC treatment, the 50 mg/day regimen should be maintained for 3 to 4 cycles.
● If ovulation doesn't occur, the dose can be increased by 50 mg increments.
● If even as much as 150 mg per day doesn't induce ovulation, then a transvaginal ultrasound should be performed to allow the physician to get a close-up view of the development of the follicle (the follicle is a cluster of cells in the ovary that change in color and shape during the different phases of the menstrual cycle).
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